An Introduction to Pinhole Propulsion Technology for Satellites

A revolutionary propulsion system for small satellites is being developed in Europe, offering an efficient and cost-effective solution for future space missions. The technology, known as electrospray propulsion, uses micro and nano-technology to create tiny ion emitters that spray out ions at high speeds, enabling the satellite to move through space.

The electrospray system, called ATHENA (Adaptable THruster based on Electrospray powered by Nanotechnology), has been developed by IENAI Space in Spain, in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA). ATHENA uses conductive ionic-liquid salts as fuel, which flow through nano-textured emitters. These emitters accelerate the fuel between an emitter and an extractor, creating ions that are sprayed out at speeds of up to 20 km/s.

One of the key advantages of the ATHENA system is its scalability. The emitter arrays etched onto a silicon wafer are inherently scalable, meaning that multiple units can be clustered together to provide the required thrust. For example, six units can be fitted onto the 10 cm face of a single CubeSat unit, and these units can be further clustered to deliver thrust for satellites weighing up to 50kg.

The customizability of the electrospray technology also sets it apart from other propulsion systems. Through the use of different electric potentials, the thrust can be adjusted to meet specific mission requirements. This flexibility allows for greater control over the satellite’s movements and enables it to perform complex maneuvers in space.

Another major benefit of the electrospray system is its use of non-toxic ‘green’ propellants. Unlike traditional rocket engines that rely on highly pressurized and potentially hazardous propellants, ATHENA uses ionic-liquid salts that are environmentally friendly and pose no risk to human health. This makes it a safer and more sustainable option for future space missions.

The developers of ATHENA are confident that their propulsion system will have a significant impact on the space industry. They have already received interest from various parties within the industry and believe that the technology’s performance and customizability capabilities will make it stand out in the market.

The project has recently passed its Preliminary Design Review and is now targeting a final product by the end of next year. The development of ATHENA has been supported by ESA’s General Support Technology Programme, which aims to ready innovative products and services for spaceflight and the open market.

To wrap it up, the development of the electrospray propulsion system is a major breakthrough in the field of space exploration. It offers a palm-sized, scalable, customizable, and environmentally friendly option for propelling small satellites. With its high-performance capabilities and potential for commercialization, ATHENA is set to revolutionize the way small satellites are propelled in future space missions.